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    <dc:creator>Over Blog</dc:creator>
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    <title><![CDATA[Introduction]]></title>
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	mso-font-pitch:auto;
	mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
	{font-family:LBDXWI+TTE1B25848t00;
	panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
	mso-font-alt:"TT E 1 B 2584 8t";
	mso-font-charset:0;
	mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
	mso-font-format:other;
	mso-font-pitch:auto;
	mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
	{font-family:Univers-LightOblique;
	panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
	mso-font-charset:0;
	mso-generic-font-family:auto;
	mso-font-format:other;
	mso-font-pitch:auto;
	mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
 /* Style Definitions */
 p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	mso-style-parent:"";
	margin:0cm;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:windowtext;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;}
h1
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
	margin-right:0cm;
	mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
	margin-left:0cm;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-outline-level:1;
	font-size:24.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	color:black;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;
	font-weight:bold;}
p.MsoToc1, li.MsoToc1, div.MsoToc1
	{mso-style-update:auto;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin:0cm;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:windowtext;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	color:black;
	text-decoration:underline;
	text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
	mso-style-priority:99;
	color:purple;
	mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
	text-decoration:underline;
	text-underline:single;}
p
	{mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
	margin-right:0cm;
	mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
	margin-left:0cm;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:#333333;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;}
p.Default, li.Default, div.Default
	{mso-style-name:Default;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-parent:"";
	margin:0cm;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-layout-grid-align:none;
	text-autospace:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-bidi-font-family:Times;
	color:black;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;}
p.CM87, li.CM87, div.CM87
	{mso-style-name:CM87;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-parent:Default;
	mso-style-next:Default;
	margin-top:0cm;
	margin-right:0cm;
	margin-bottom:13.25pt;
	margin-left:0cm;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-layout-grid-align:none;
	text-autospace:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:windowtext;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;}
p.CM16, li.CM16, div.CM16
	{mso-style-name:CM16;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-parent:Default;
	mso-style-next:Default;
	margin:0cm;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	line-height:12.65pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-layout-grid-align:none;
	text-autospace:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:windowtext;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;}
p.CM83, li.CM83, div.CM83
	{mso-style-name:CM83;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-parent:Default;
	mso-style-next:Default;
	margin-top:0cm;
	margin-right:0cm;
	margin-bottom:18.65pt;
	margin-left:0cm;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-layout-grid-align:none;
	text-autospace:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:windowtext;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;}
p.CM3, li.CM3, div.CM3
	{mso-style-name:CM3;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-parent:Default;
	mso-style-next:Default;
	margin:0cm;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-layout-grid-align:none;
	text-autospace:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:windowtext;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;}
p.CM84, li.CM84, div.CM84
	{mso-style-name:CM84;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-parent:Default;
	mso-style-next:Default;
	margin-top:0cm;
	margin-right:0cm;
	margin-bottom:36.15pt;
	margin-left:0cm;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-layout-grid-align:none;
	text-autospace:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:windowtext;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;}
p.CM86, li.CM86, div.CM86
	{mso-style-name:CM86;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-parent:Default;
	mso-style-next:Default;
	margin-top:0cm;
	margin-right:0cm;
	margin-bottom:27.5pt;
	margin-left:0cm;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-layout-grid-align:none;
	text-autospace:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:windowtext;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;}
p.CM5, li.CM5, div.CM5
	{mso-style-name:CM5;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-parent:Default;
	mso-style-next:Default;
	margin:0cm;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	line-height:12.8pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-layout-grid-align:none;
	text-autospace:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:windowtext;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;}
p.CM96, li.CM96, div.CM96
	{mso-style-name:CM96;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-parent:Default;
	mso-style-next:Default;
	margin-top:0cm;
	margin-right:0cm;
	margin-bottom:23.9pt;
	margin-left:0cm;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-layout-grid-align:none;
	text-autospace:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:windowtext;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;}
p.CM21, li.CM21, div.CM21
	{mso-style-name:CM21;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-parent:Default;
	mso-style-next:Default;
	margin:0cm;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	line-height:12.65pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-layout-grid-align:none;
	text-autospace:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:windowtext;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;}
p.CM7, li.CM7, div.CM7
	{mso-style-name:CM7;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-parent:Default;
	mso-style-next:Default;
	margin:0cm;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	line-height:12.15pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-layout-grid-align:none;
	text-autospace:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:windowtext;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;}
p.CM88, li.CM88, div.CM88
	{mso-style-name:CM88;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-parent:Default;
	mso-style-next:Default;
	margin-top:0cm;
	margin-right:0cm;
	margin-bottom:21.5pt;
	margin-left:0cm;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-layout-grid-align:none;
	text-autospace:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:windowtext;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;}
p.CM22, li.CM22, div.CM22
	{mso-style-name:CM22;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-parent:Default;
	mso-style-next:Default;
	margin:0cm;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	line-height:22.55pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-layout-grid-align:none;
	text-autospace:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:windowtext;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;}
p.CM97, li.CM97, div.CM97
	{mso-style-name:CM97;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-parent:Default;
	mso-style-next:Default;
	margin-top:0cm;
	margin-right:0cm;
	margin-bottom:11.5pt;
	margin-left:0cm;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-layout-grid-align:none;
	text-autospace:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:windowtext;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;}
p.CM98, li.CM98, div.CM98
	{mso-style-name:CM98;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-parent:Default;
	mso-style-next:Default;
	margin-top:0cm;
	margin-right:0cm;
	margin-bottom:44.65pt;
	margin-left:0cm;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-layout-grid-align:none;
	text-autospace:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:windowtext;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;}
p.CM13, li.CM13, div.CM13
	{mso-style-name:CM13;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-parent:Default;
	mso-style-next:Default;
	margin-top:0cm;
	margin-right:0cm;
	margin-bottom:13.65pt;
	margin-left:0cm;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-layout-grid-align:none;
	text-autospace:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:windowtext;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;}
span.c2
	{mso-style-name:c2;
	mso-style-unhide:no;}
p.c4, li.c4, div.c4
	{mso-style-name:c4;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
	margin-right:0cm;
	mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
	margin-left:0cm;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;
	mso-ansi-language:FR;
	mso-fareast-language:FR;}
@page Section1
	{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
	margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt;
	mso-header-margin:36.0pt;
	mso-footer-margin:36.0pt;
	mso-paper-source:0;}
div.Section1
	{page:Section1;}
 /* List Definitions */
 @list l0
	{mso-list-id:-1414405667;
	mso-list-type:hybrid;
	mso-list-template-ids:-1493109148 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1;}
@list l0:level1
	{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
	mso-level-text:"";
	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-indent:0cm;}
@list l0:level2
	{mso-level-start-at:0;
	mso-level-text:"";
	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-indent:0cm;}
@list l0:level3
	{mso-level-start-at:0;
	mso-level-text:"";
	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-indent:0cm;}
@list l0:level4
	{mso-level-start-at:0;
	mso-level-text:"";
	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-indent:0cm;}
@list l0:level5
	{mso-level-start-at:0;
	mso-level-text:"";
	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-indent:0cm;}
@list l0:level6
	{mso-level-start-at:0;
	mso-level-text:"";
	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-indent:0cm;}
@list l0:level7
	{mso-level-start-at:0;
	mso-level-text:"";
	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-indent:0cm;}
@list l0:level8
	{mso-level-start-at:0;
	mso-level-text:"";
	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-indent:0cm;}
@list l0:level9
	{mso-level-start-at:0;
	mso-level-text:"";
	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-indent:0cm;}
@list l1
	{mso-list-id:114061999;
	mso-list-type:hybrid;
	mso-list-template-ids:-194076198 67895297 67895299 67895301 67895297 67895299 67895301 67895297 67895299 67895301;}
@list l1:level1
	{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
	mso-level-text:F0B7;
	mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	text-indent:-18.0pt;
	font-family:Symbol;}
@list l2
	{mso-list-id:205796108;
	mso-list-template-ids:839974138;}
@list l2:level1
	{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
	mso-level-text:F0B7;
	mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	text-indent:-18.0pt;
	mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:Symbol;}
@list l3
	{mso-list-id:242448488;
	mso-list-template-ids:908209914;}
@list l3:level1
	{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
	mso-level-text:F0B7;
	mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	text-indent:-18.0pt;
	mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:Symbol;}
@list l4
	{mso-list-id:261111831;
	mso-list-type:hybrid;
	mso-list-template-ids:-1509114240 1134076310 67895299 67895301 67895297 67895299 67895301 67895297 67895299 67895301;}
@list l4:level1
	{mso-level-start-at:0;
	mso-level-number-format:bullet;
	mso-level-text:-;
	mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	text-indent:-18.0pt;
	font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;}
@list l5
	{mso-list-id:836766029;
	mso-list-type:hybrid;
	mso-list-template-ids:-448999228 67895297 67895299 67895301 67895297 67895299 67895301 67895297 67895299 67895301;}
@list l5:level1
	{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
	mso-level-text:F0B7;
	mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	text-indent:-18.0pt;
	font-family:Symbol;}
@list l6
	{mso-list-id:1456413426;
	mso-list-template-ids:-592542716;}
@list l6:level1
	{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
	mso-level-text:F0B7;
	mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	text-indent:-18.0pt;
	mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:Symbol;}
@list l7
	{mso-list-id:1516159282;
	mso-list-type:hybrid;
	mso-list-template-ids:-2009787609 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1;}
@list l7:level1
	{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
	mso-level-text:"";
	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-indent:0cm;}
@list l7:level2
	{mso-level-start-at:0;
	mso-level-text:"";
	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-indent:0cm;}
@list l7:level3
	{mso-level-start-at:0;
	mso-level-text:"";
	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-indent:0cm;}
@list l7:level4
	{mso-level-start-at:0;
	mso-level-text:"";
	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-indent:0cm;}
@list l7:level5
	{mso-level-start-at:0;
	mso-level-text:"";
	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-indent:0cm;}
@list l7:level6
	{mso-level-start-at:0;
	mso-level-text:"";
	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-indent:0cm;}
@list l7:level7
	{mso-level-start-at:0;
	mso-level-text:"";
	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-indent:0cm;}
@list l7:level8
	{mso-level-start-at:0;
	mso-level-text:"";
	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-indent:0cm;}
@list l7:level9
	{mso-level-start-at:0;
	mso-level-text:"";
	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-indent:0cm;}
@list l8
	{mso-list-id:1617129015;
	mso-list-type:hybrid;
	mso-list-template-ids:-460561932 67895297 67895299 67895301 67895297 67895299 67895301 67895297 67895299 67895301;}
@list l8:level1
	{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
	mso-level-text:F0B7;
	mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	text-indent:-18.0pt;
	font-family:Symbol;}
@list l9
	{mso-list-id:1743598444;
	mso-list-type:hybrid;
	mso-list-template-ids:-1047515570 67895297 67895299 67895301 67895297 67895299 67895301 67895297 67895299 67895301;}
@list l9:level1
	{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
	mso-level-text:F0B7;
	mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	text-indent:-18.0pt;
	font-family:Symbol;}
@list l10
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<div style="font-family: Verdana;" class="Section1">
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><em>&quot; </em>Co&ucirc;ts <em>: L'informatique est le sixi&egrave;me poste de frais g&eacute;n&eacute;raux dans les entreprises industriels, avec 1% du chiffre d'affaires, derri&egrave;re la maintenance (2.3%), la recherche et d&eacute;veloppement (1.8%), les infrastructures et locaux, l'administration et le marketing (entre1.1% et 1.4%). Les d&eacute;penses informatiques sont revues au plus juste. Les projets strat&eacute;giques sont maintenus (s&eacute;curit&eacute;, relations clients, formation,...) mais tous les autres postes sont diminu&eacute;s.&quot;<o:p></o:p></em></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><em><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></em></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><em>Source: CEGOS, Evolution des frais g&eacute;n&eacute;raux des entreprises industrielles fran&ccedil;aises, f&eacute;vrier 2003.</em><o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><em>&quot;</em> Evolution <strong><em>: </em></strong><em>A l'horizon 2006, la d&eacute;pense informatique mondiale devrait progresser de 4.4% par an.&quot;<o:p></o:p></em></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><em><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></em></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><em>Source: Article paru dans le magazine &quot;CIO: Strat&eacute;gie et technologie&quot; N&deg; 4- Mars 2003 - page 18.</em><o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><em>&quot;</em> Mesure <strong><em>:</em></strong><em>Les DSI estiment, &agrave; plus de 80%, ne pas avoir la capacit&eacute; de mesurer l&rsquo;impact de l&rsquo;informatique.&quot;<o:p></o:p></em></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><em><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></em></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><em>Source:Etude sur la valeur &eacute;conomique de l&rsquo;informatique lanc&eacute;e par ACADYS.</em><o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><em>&quot;</em> Projets <strong><em>: </em></strong><em>Un projet sur deux est abandonn&eacute; avant son ach&egrave;vement.&quot;<o:p></o:p></em></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><em><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></em></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><em>Source:Cours Audit des syst&egrave;mes d&rsquo;information DPIO.</em><o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></font></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><em>&nbsp;La gestion des services est constitu&eacute;e d'un ensemble de processus &eacute;troitement li&eacute;s qui, pour atteindre les objectifs fix&eacute;s &agrave; la Direction Informatique, doivent, utiliser les ressources humaines et les technologies de mani&egrave;re efficace, rentable et &eacute;conomique, de mani&egrave;re &agrave; fournir des services informatiques de haute qualit&eacute; et adapt&eacute;s au m&eacute;tier de l'entreprise&nbsp;. <o:p></o:p></em></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><em>Source&nbsp;: Association itSMF charg&eacute;e du d&eacute;veloppement de l'ITIL en France,</em><em><o:p></o:p></em></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></font></p>
<h1 style="text-align: justify; line-height: 16.8pt;"><font size="2"><a name="_Toc127542527"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;; color: windowtext;">Avant-Propos&nbsp;:</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></h1>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><span style="">         </span>Ce m&eacute;moire n&rsquo;a pas pour vocation de trouver un syst&egrave;me de contr&ocirc;le et de mesure de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; informatique, mais je voudrais pr&eacute;senter des r&eacute;f&eacute;rentiels de bonnes pratiques IT comme un nouveau moyen d'optimiser les services et les projets au sein de la direction Informatique &nbsp;DSI&nbsp; Alg&eacute;rienne.<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><span style="">         </span>Le m&eacute;moire traitera essentiellement ces bonnes pratiques d&rsquo;un point de vue th&eacute;orique surtout, mais constituera un noyau et une porte d&rsquo;entr&eacute;e pour tous manager informatique Alg&eacute;rien qui voudrais comprendre les diff&eacute;rentes m&eacute;thodologies associ&eacute;es aux meilleures pratiques de contr&ocirc;le des technologies de l&rsquo;information pour initier un projet d&rsquo;implantation de l&rsquo;une de ces r&eacute;f&eacute;rentiels.<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">J&rsquo;aborde dans la deuxi&egrave;me partie plus en profondeurs l&rsquo;un de ces r&eacute;f&eacute;rentiels en l&rsquo;occurrence ITIL objet de mon &eacute;tude pratique.<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></font></p>
<h1 style="text-align: justify; line-height: 16.8pt;"><font size="2"><a name="_Toc127542528"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;">Introduction </span></a><span style=""><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt; color: windowtext;">:</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></h1>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">Face &agrave; la complexit&eacute; croissante des technologies de l&rsquo;information &nbsp;IT&nbsp;, la gestion et la s&eacute;curisation des infrastructures informatiques s'imposent comme de r&eacute;els d&eacute;fis. De nombreuses entreprises s&rsquo;appuient sur les meilleures pratiques, reconnues comme standard de facto, pour relever ces d&eacute;fis. Les meilleures pratiques offrent aux entreprises une structure &eacute;prouv&eacute;e pour formaliser leurs processus et g&eacute;rer leurs environnements informatiques. <o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">Les principaux standards dans ce domaine sont : <o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library) ; BS15000 (British Standard), norme &eacute;mergente de gestion des services informatiques bas&eacute;e sur la m&eacute;thodologie ITIL) ; et ISO 17799, norme mondiale de s&eacute;curisation des informations professionnelles bas&eacute;e sur la norme BS7799 (British Standard).<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">Ces meilleures pratiques servent avant tout de lignes directrices permettant aux entreprises d&rsquo;&eacute;laborer leurs processus en fonction des besoins sp&eacute;cifiques &agrave; leur activit&eacute;. Cette approche personnalis&eacute;e requiert des outils souples pour prendre en charge ces processus.<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">Dans toutes les entreprises, la construction d'une usine, d'un r&eacute;seau commercial ou tout simplement le processus de production (produit ou service), donnent lieu &agrave; l'&eacute;tablissement de budgets d&eacute;taill&eacute;s, rigoureusement contr&ocirc;l&eacute;s, et font l'objet d'&eacute;tudes de rentabilit&eacute; pr&eacute;visionnelle et de mesure de performance &eacute;conomique. Les syst&egrave;mes d'information, pour plusieurs raisons, m&eacute;ritent la m&ecirc;me attention. En effet, les entreprises recourent de plus en plus aux moyens de t&eacute;l&eacute;communications pour des besoins de transmissions, aux syst&egrave;mes d'information pour des besoins de traitement et d'analyse, et aux bases de donn&eacute;es pour des besoins de stockage. L'utilisation accrue de ces diff&eacute;rents services informatiques entra&icirc;ne cependant une modification de la structure des co&ucirc;ts o&ugrave; la part des frais informatiques augmente. Il n'est gu&egrave;re possible de contr&ocirc;ler ces co&ucirc;ts sans la mise en place d'un syst&egrave;me de gestion permettant le cas &eacute;ch&eacute;ant leur re-facturation.<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">Les r&eacute;seaux charg&eacute;s de v&eacute;hiculer les applications constituent le plus gros budget r&eacute;current des services informatiques. L'enjeu est donc d'importance car l'efficacit&eacute; et la rentabilit&eacute; des entreprises reposent pour une grande part sur la qualit&eacute; et le bon fonctionnement de ces deux composantes majeures d'un syst&egrave;me d'information. Or, et c'est l&agrave; toute la difficult&eacute; de la t&acirc;che, la Direction des Syst&egrave;mes d&rsquo;Informations peut &ecirc;tre per&ccedil;ue, de l'ext&eacute;rieur, comme une structure co&ucirc;teuse, pour des performances difficiles &agrave; &eacute;valuer. <o:p></o:p></font></p>
<h1 style="text-align: justify; line-height: 16.8pt;"><font size="2"><a name="_Toc127542529"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;">2. Analyse de la probl&eacute;matique de contr&ocirc;le de l'IT</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></h1>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">G&eacute;n&eacute;ralement, deux significations distinctes sont associ&eacute;es au mot &quot;contr&ocirc;le&quot;:<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><strong>Surveillance:</strong> O&ugrave; contr&ocirc;ler signifie v&eacute;rifier que les choses se d&eacute;roulent conform&eacute;ment &agrave; ce qu'on souhaite. Le souhait peut d'ailleurs &ecirc;tre formul&eacute; en terme plus ou moins pr&eacute;cis, sous forme d'objectifs, de standards,...<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><strong>Ma&icirc;trise:</strong> Notion plus global associ&eacute;e au concept de pouvoir. Dans ce sens contr&ocirc;ler revient &agrave; ma&icirc;triser, ce qui implicitement suppose au pr&eacute;alable ou en m&ecirc;me temps surveiller.<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">De ce fait, l'activit&eacute; de contr&ocirc;le s'inscrit dans une logique g&eacute;n&eacute;rale des syst&egrave;mes de gestion regroupant trois ensembles d'action:<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">&iexcl; <strong>Finalisation:</strong> Choix des objectifs<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">&iexcl; <strong>Organisation:</strong> Mise en oeuvre et agencement des moyens propres &agrave; atteindre ces objectifs.<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">&iexcl; <strong>Animation et contr&ocirc;le:</strong> Mise en place d'instruments permettant d'&eacute;valuer les r&eacute;sultats obtenus (et les m&eacute;thodes par lesquelles ils ont &eacute;t&eacute; obtenus).<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">L'observation des entreprises montre que, tr&egrave;s souvent, le domaine des syst&egrave;mes d'information se caract&eacute;rise par un faible niveau de contr&ocirc;le. L'explication la plus souvent avanc&eacute;e est li&eacute;e au processus d'assimilation de la technologie:<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">Dans la phase de diffusion initiale, l'objectif principal est de favoriser l'innovation, et de ce fait, l'intensit&eacute; de contr&ocirc;le est faible. Dans les phases ult&eacute;rieures, la maturit&eacute; de la technologie s'accompagne d'un renforcement de contr&ocirc;le. Dans cette perspective, am&eacute;liorer le contr&ocirc;le des syst&egrave;mes d'information constitue d&eacute;sormais un objectif clairement affirm&eacute; par de nombreuses entreprises. <o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><strong><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></strong></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><strong>2.1. Probl&eacute;matique de contr&ocirc;le de l'IT&nbsp;:<o:p></o:p></strong></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">La mise en place d'un syst&egrave;me de contr&ocirc;le des syst&egrave;mes d'information implique que des r&eacute;ponses coh&eacute;rentes soient apport&eacute;es &agrave; deux questions fondamentales:<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">&iexcl; Pourquoi contr&ocirc;ler les syst&egrave;mes d'information ? Quels sont les objectifs poursuivis ? Que cherche-t-on &agrave; obtenir par la mise en place d'un syst&egrave;me de contr&ocirc;le des S.I ?<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">&iexcl; <span style=""> </span>Comment contr&ocirc;ler les syst&egrave;mes d'information ? Comment agencer les diff&eacute;rents moyens propres &agrave; am&eacute;liorer le degr&eacute; de contr&ocirc;le ?<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><strong>2.1.1. Pourquoi contr&ocirc;ler?<o:p></o:p></strong></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">Le contr&ocirc;le est normalement con&ccedil;u pour favoriser le progr&egrave;s dans l'organisation en favorisant l'apprentissage organisationnel. Derri&egrave;re cet objectif g&eacute;n&eacute;ral, une grande vari&eacute;t&eacute; d'objectifs imm&eacute;diats peut &ecirc;tre distingu&eacute;e, et dont la pluralit&eacute; s'explique par la diversit&eacute; des contextes de contr&ocirc;le:<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">Contr&ocirc;le de gestion au service informatique: L'objectif principal du responsable du service informatique est de contr&ocirc;ler l'&eacute;volution des co&ucirc;ts qu'il ma&icirc;trise directement (mat&eacute;riel, logiciel, personnel informaticien,...) et de justifier, s'il y a lieu, des demandes de moyens aupr&egrave;s de la direction g&eacute;n&eacute;rale qui doit d&eacute;cider ou non l'allocation de ressources compl&eacute;mentaires &agrave; partir de r&eacute;sultats observ&eacute;s ou pr&eacute;visionnels.<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">Evaluation apr&egrave;s implantation d'une solution informatique: Lorsqu'un projet est achev&eacute;, que l'application est mise en place, certaines entreprises proc&egrave;dent &agrave; une &eacute;valuation ponctuelle.<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">Celle-ci est destin&eacute;e en priorit&eacute; au chef de projet. On v&eacute;rifie ainsi dans quelle mesure les objectifs du projet ont &eacute;t&eacute; atteints et l'on cherche &agrave; corriger par des actions de maintenance les dysfonctionnements r&eacute;v&eacute;l&eacute;s par l'utilisation du syst&egrave;me.<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><strong>Etude d'opportunit&eacute;:</strong> Un responsable de domaine cherche &agrave; &eacute;valuer de mani&egrave;re pr&eacute;visionnelle l'int&eacute;r&ecirc;t &eacute;conomique et la praticabilit&eacute; d'un projet ou d'un ensemble de projets avant d'y affecter des ressources en mat&eacute;riel, logiciel, personnel,...<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">Ces quelques exemples montrent le caract&egrave;re h&eacute;t&eacute;rog&egrave;ne des contextes d'&eacute;valuation, donc des objectifs de contr&ocirc;le. La pr&eacute;occupation principale de l'utilisateur se r&eacute;v&egrave;le &agrave; travers la dimension dominante parmi les suivantes:<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><strong>&iexcl; </strong><strong>Dimension technique:</strong> Tr&egrave;s ax&eacute;e sur les outils (r&eacute;seaux, serveurs,...) dont on surveille le fonctionnement. Ainsi, le Directeur informatique va suivre l'&eacute;volution des temps de r&eacute;ponse, des d&eacute;bits, des taux de panne,...<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">&iexcl; <strong>Dimension &eacute;conomique:</strong> Elle s'exprime en terme de co&ucirc;ts (rattach&eacute; plus ou moins &agrave;<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">l'utilisateur des outils), d'efficience (r&eacute;sultats obtenus par rapport aux moyens engag&eacute;s), d'efficacit&eacute; (r&eacute;sultats &eacute;valu&eacute;s par rapport aux objectifs).<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">&iexcl; <strong>Dimension organisationnelle:</strong><span lang="FR" style=""></span></font></p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
	   
    <dc:creator><![CDATA[Sid Ahmed Benachenhou]]></dc:creator>
    <dc:language>fr</dc:language>
    <dc:date>2006-01-24T08:58:46+02:00</dc:date>
  </item>

</rdf:RDF>
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